![]() While immunization rates have risen since the introduction of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), there remain significant barriers to more effective vaccination in developing countries ( Table 1). ![]() Mass vaccination campaigns can be performed at fixed-post clinics, which is typically required for injectable vaccines, or can be carried out door-to-door, usually by minimally trained personnel administering non-injectable vaccines. Instead, or in addition, mass vaccination campaigns are employed to target large populations in specific regions more effectively. Routine vaccination is used to achieve high immunization coverage on an on-going basis, but can fall short by itself due to infrastructural challenges in developing countries. Vaccines are currently administered in developing countries primarily in two scenarios: routine vaccination and mass vaccination campaigns. For example, measles vaccine is 97% effective after two doses, yet, as of 2010, more than 100,000 children under the age of five died each year from measles, most of whom were unvaccinated children. Barriers to vaccination in developing countriesĪccording to 2014 WHO estimates, 1.5 million children die each year from vaccine-preventable diseases for which there are vaccines recommended by the WHO and 29% of deaths among children 1–59 months old are vaccine preventable. We conclude that microneedle patches offer a powerful new technology that can enable more effective vaccination in developing countries.ġ. This review summarizes vaccination challenges in developing countries and discusses advantages that microneedle patches offer for vaccination to address these challenges. The patches are single-dose, do not require reconstitution, are easy to administer, have reduced size to simplify storage, transportation and waste disposal, and offer the possibility of improved vaccine immunogenicity, dose sparing and thermostability. ACCESS VIRUS PATCHES SKINThese microneedle patches can be easily and painlessly applied by pressing against the skin and, in some designs, do not leave behind sharps waste. As a possible solution, microneedle patches containing an array of micron-sized needles on an adhesive backing have been developed to be used for vaccine delivery to the skin. While immunization rates have risen since the introduction of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), there remain major challenges to more effective vaccination in developing countries. Millions of people die of infectious diseases each year, mostly in developing countries, which could largely be prevented by the use of vaccines. ![]()
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